The Parisian club has now claimed the prestigious trophy on fourteen different times.
Paris Saint-Germain needed a stoppage-time leveler followed by a perfect penalty shootout to get past their arch-rivals in the Gulf and secure a fourth straight French Super Cup victory.
The Champions League holders seemed to be sailing towards a straightforward triumph in the showdown featuring the Ligue 1 champions and the French Cup winners after Ousmane Dembele found the net early on.
Yet, the southern French side fired two times late to seize a surprise advantage. Initially, Mason Greenwood scored from the penalty spot, before Willian Pacho unfortunately turned the ball into his own net for an own goal.
In a remarkable turn of fortune, the Portuguese striker snatched a vital equaliser in the dying moments to send the match into a deciding shootout. The Parisian shot-stopper Chevalier then stood as the key figure, saving crucial kicks from Matt O'Riley and Hamed Traore.
From the spot, Ramos, the midfielder, the full-back, and the young talent all converted with composure for Paris Saint-Germain to seal a convincing shootout victory.
The record champions PSG, who met last season's Ligue 1 runners-up Olympique de Marseille after achieving a league and cup double, have now lifted this competition for the twelfth time in the past thirteen years.